Unsur
– unsur Dalam Kalimat Bahasa Inggris
1.
Subject
abbreviated as S
The
subject is something (people, objects, animals) that is the subject of
conversation. The subject can be said to be the perpetrator or victim of an
action. We
can find out the subject by asking the Who question? or What?. The subject in
the active sentence is in front of the sentence.
Example
:
-
Bella is crying now
( Bella sedang menangis sekarang) (Bella = S)
-
The
box is black
(Kotak itu berwarna hitam) (kotak = S)
There
are 2 kinds of subjects, namely simple subject (SS) and compound subject (CS)
a. Simple
Subject = It can be Noun (noun), Pronoun (pronoun person), Adjective
(adjective) as Noun, Invinitive as Noun or Participle as Noun.
Example :
-
The
car is expensive
(Mobil itu mahal) (Car = Noun = SS)
-
They are bad friends
(Mereka adalah teman yang buruk) (They = Pronoun = SS)
b. Compound
Subject = A subject consisting of 2 or more words intended as a single unit
Example :
-
The new car is mine
( Mobil baru itu milik saya) (The new car = 2 kata = CS)
- The old english teacher
is from Jakarta (Guru bahasa Inggris
yang tua itu berasal dari Jakarta) (The old english teacher = 3 kata = CS)
2. Verb
Words
used to describe an action / action name. Verbs can be direct actions, but
there are also verbs that function to express things like the verb To Be (is,
am, are).
·
Regular Verb
dan Irregular Verb :
Berikut ini penjelasan
lengkap dari regular dan irregular verb:
1.
Regular Verb” state=”closed
Regular verb is a verb
or verb with changes in accordance with the rules. Regular verb is the opposite
of Irregular verb. Change from verb-1 (base form) to verb-2 (past form) and
verb-3 (past participle) by adding –d or –ed. For more details, see the example
in the following table.
Verb-1
|
Verb-2
|
Verb-3
|
Sentence
|
Ask
|
Asked
|
Asked
|
Nuril asked the teacher about who Neil
Amstrong is.
(Nuril bertanya kepada
guru tentang siapa itu Neil Amstrong)
|
Finish
|
Finished
|
Finished
|
I have finished my homework two days ago.
(Aku sudah
menyelesaikan PR-ku dua hari yang lalu)
|
Play
|
Played
|
Played
|
They played badminton yesterday in the yard.
(Mereka bermain bulu
tangkis semalam di halaman)
|
2. Irregular Verb
Irregular verbs are
verbs or verbs with changes that do not comply with the rules. Irregular verbs
are the opposite of ordinary verbs. Change from verb-1 (basic form), to verb-2
(past form) and verb-3 (past participle) not by adding -d or -ed. Changes to
this verb can be known by memorization. For more details, see the example in
the following table.
Verb-1
|
Verb-2
|
Verb-3
|
Sentence
|
Swim
|
Swam
|
Swum
|
When I swam in the swimming pool yesterday,
my friend was sitting on the seat.
(Ketika aku berenang
di kolam renang semalam, temanku sedang duduk di atas kursi)
|
Speak
|
Spoke
|
Spoken
|
Jonathan spoke french with that tourist
three days ago.
(Jonathan berbicara
bahasa prancis dengan turis itu tiga hari yang lalu)
|
Think
|
Thought
|
Thought
|
I thought that I would not been hurt
anymore.
(Aku berpikir bahwa
aku tidak akan dilukai lagi)
|
3.
Complement
abbreviated C
Complemet
is a word or words that complete the purpose of the verb in a sentence. In
English there are 2 types of Complement:
1. Subjective
Complement, is a complement that complements the subject in the sentence. Usually
abbreviated as Cs.
2. Objective
Complement, is a complement that complements the object in the sentence.
Usually abbreviated as Co.
Complement can be expressed in various
forms, but the most common are adjective, noun, adverb, and preposition with
object. Complement is required by transitive verbs (verbs that require
objects), intransitive verbs (verbs that don't need objects), and auxiliary
verbs in this case called copulative verbs.
Example
:
-
The
news made him sad (Berita itu membuatnya sedih) (him = O)
(sad = Co)
- He
grews happier gradually (Dia tumbuh bahagia secara
bertahap) (complemet dalam kata kerja transitif) (Happier = Cs)
4.
Modifier
Modifiers
are words, phrases or clauses that function as adjectives or adverbs that
describe other words or groups of words.
As
Adjective dan Adverb
When functioning as an adjective (can be
a simple adjective, adjective phrase,
adjective clause, participle, or infinitive), the modifier explains the
noun. Whereas when it functions as an adverb (it can be a simple adverb, adverb phrase, adverb clause, prepositional phrase,
infinitive), this word explains the verb, adjective, or other adverb.
Modifiers that appear before Head are
called Premodifiers, while modifiers that appear after Head are called
Postmodifiers. Below are examples of sentence premodifiers and postmodifiers
with the word 'detective' as Head:
ü Premodifiers
Hercule Poirot is a
famous detective
ü Postmodifiers
The detective with big glasses
solves the most baffling cases
Example Modifier :
1. As
Adjective
-
She
found a chocolate put on my bag
‘Put
on my bag’ (participial phrase) berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan
‘chocholate’ (noun)
-
The
magazine that Rena has read is very interesting
‘that
Rena has read’ (adjective clause) berfungsi untuk menerangkan ‘the book’ (noun)
2. As
Adverb
-
He
plays violin so beautifully
‘So
beautifully’ (adverb phrase) berfungsi untuk menjelaskan ‘plays violin’ (verb)
-
When
you went to the school, she came
‘When
you went to the school’ (adverb clause) menjawab pertanyaan “When did she come?
Jenis – jenis Waktu
(Tenses) Dalam Bahasa Inggris
1. Present
- Simple Present Tense
Used to show facts,
habits, and general conditions that occur at this time.
Fungsi
|
Rumus
|
Contoh
|
Positive
|
Subject + Verb / Verb-s/es + Complement
Or
Subject + am/are/is + Complement
|
- I work hard for this company.
- He works hard for this company.
- You are beautiful.
- She is beautiful.
|
Negative
|
Sunbect + do/does not + Verb1 + Complement
Or
Subject + am/are/is + not + complement
|
- I do not work hard for this
company.
- He does not work hard for this
company.
- You are not beautiful.
- She is not beautiful.
|
Interrogative
|
Do/does + Subject + Verb1 + Complement?
Or
Am/are/is + Subject + Complement?
|
- Do I work hard for this company?
- Does he work hard for this company?
- Are you beautiful?
- Is she beautiful?
|
The
time signal words for this tense are: usually, always, every, sometimes,
normally, and seldom, etc.
- Present Continous Tense
Used
to discuss ongoing actions. The main thing about this tenses is the duration of
time for verbs.
Fungsi
|
Rumus
|
Contoh
|
Positive
|
Subject + am/are/is +
Verb-ing + Complement
|
We are studying English.
|
Negative
|
Subject + am/are/is +
Not + Complement
|
We are not studying English.
|
Interrogative
|
Am/are/is + Subject +
Verb-ing + Complement?
|
Are we studying English?
|
The
time signal words for this tense are: ow, at the time, at
this present, at this moment, etc.
- Present Perfect Tense
Used
to indicate an action or event has been completed and emphasize the results.
Fungsi
|
Rumus
|
Contoh
|
Positive
|
Subject + has/have + Verb3 +
Complement
|
- I have
finished my homework
- She has
finished her homework.
|
Negative
|
Subject + has/have + not + Verb3 +
Complement
|
- I have
not finished my homework.
- She has
not finished her homework.
|
Interrogative
|
Has/have + Subject + Verb3 +
Complement?
|
- Have I finished my homework?
- Has she finished her homework?
|
The
time signal words for this tense are: already, ever, just, never, not
yet, so far, till now, etc.
- Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Used
to indicate actions that began in the past and continue to the present. Usually
actions that use this form have a definite time duration and have relevance to
the current conditions.
Fungsi
|
Rumus
|
Contoh
|
Positive
|
Subject + has/have + been + Verb-ing +
Complement
|
- You have
been working here since 2015.
- She has
been speaking for the last 3 hours.
|
Negative
|
Subject + has/have + not + been +
Verb-ing + Complement
|
- You have
not been working here since 2015.
- She has not
been speaking for the last 3 hours.
|
Interrogative
|
Has/have + Subject + been + Verb-ing +
Complement?
|
- Have you been working here since 2015?
- Has she been speaking for the last 3 hours?
|
2. Past
- Simple
Past Tense Used
to indicate an event in the past.FungsiRumusContohPositiveSubject + Verb2 + ComplementOrSubject + was/were + Complement- I worked hard for that company- He worked hard for that company.- You were beautiful.- She was beautiful.NegativeSubject + did not + Verb1 + ComplementOrSubject + was/were + not + Complement- I did not work hard for that company.- He did not work hard for that company.- You were not beautiful.- She was not beautiful.InterrogativeDid + Subject + Verb1 + Complement?AtauWas/were + Subject + Complement?- Did I work hard for that company?- Did he work hard for that company?- Were you beautiful?- Was she beautiful?
- Past
Continuous Tense
Used
to indicate an event that is happening in the past. Usually, there are 2 events
that happened in the past, and those interrupted events that use this tense.
Fungsi
|
Rumus
|
Contoh
|
Positive
|
Subject + was/were +
Verb-ing + Complement
|
I was studying English when he called.
|
Negative
|
Subject + was/were +
Not + Verb-ing + Complement
|
I was not studying English when he called.
|
Interrogative
|
Was/were + Subject +
Verb-ing + Complement?
|
Was I studying English
when he called?
|
- Past
Perfect Tense
Used
to show events that occurred before a certain time in the past, and more
emphasis on the results of the duration of events. Usually used to indicate
which events occurred first between 2 events that occurred in the past.
Fungsi
|
Rumus
|
Contoh
|
Positive
|
Subject + had + Verb3
+ Complement
|
I had finished my homework before I met up with my
friends yesterday.
|
Negative
|
Subject + had + not +
Verb3 + Complement
|
I had not finished my homework before I met up with
my friends yesterday.
|
Interrogative
|
Had + Subject + Verb3
+ Complement?
|
Had I finished my
homework before I met up with my friends yesterday?
|
- Past
Perfect Continuous Tense
Used
to show actions that occurred in the past and were completed at a certain time
in the past as well. This tense emphasizes the duration of the event. This
tense is also used in Reported Speech.
|
Fungsi
|
Rumus
|
Contoh
|
|
Positive
|
Subject + had + been +Verb-ing
+ Complement
|
You had been crying for an hour.
|
|
Negative
|
Subject + had + not +
been + Verb-ing + Complement
|
You had not been crying for an hour.
|
|
Interrogative
|
Had + Subject + been +
Verb-ing + Complement?
|
Had you been
crying for an hour?
|
3. Future
v Simple
Future Tense
Used
to indicate future actions or situations.
|
Fungsi
|
Rumus
|
Contoh
|
|
Positif
|
Subject + will/be
going to + Verb1 + Complement
|
- I will work hard for this
company.
- I am going to work hard for
this company.
|
|
Negatif
|
Subject + will not /
be not going to + Verb1 + Complement
|
- I will not work hard for this
company.
- I am not going to work hard
for this company.
|
|
Interrogative
|
Will + Subject + Verb1
+ Complement?
Or
Be + Subject + going
to + Verb1 + Complement?
|
- Will I work hard for this company?
- Am I going to work hard for this company?
|
v Future
Perfect Tense
Used
to indicate actions that will end in the future.
|
Fungsi
|
Rumus
|
Contoh
|
|
Positive
|
Subject + will have +
Verb3 + Complement
|
I will have finished my
homework.
|
|
Negative
|
Subject + will not
have + Verb3 + Complement
|
I will not have finished my homework.
|
|
Interrogative
|
Will + Subject + have
Verb3 + Complement?
|
Will I have finished my
homework?
|
v Future
Perfect Continuous Tense
Used
to indicate actions that will continue to occur in the future. This tense
emphasizes results.
|
Fungsi
|
Rumus
|
Contoh
|
|
Positive
|
Subject + will + have + been + Verb-ing + Complement
|
In 2020, she will have been working here for 2 years.
|
|
Negative
|
Subject + will + not +
have + been + Verb-ing + Complement
|
In 2020, she will not have been working
here for 2 years.
|
|
Interrogative
|
Will + Subject + have + been + Verb-ing + Complement?
|
In 2020, will she have been working here for 2 years?
|
|
|
v Future
Continous Tense
Used
to indicate an action or situation that will occur at a certain time in the
future.
|
Fungsi
|
Rumus
|
Contoh
|
|
Positive
|
Subject + will / be
going to+ be + Verb-ing + Complement
|
- I will be studying English.
- You are going be studying English.
|
|
Negative
|
Subject + will not /
be not going to + be + Verb-ing + Complement
|
- I will not be studying English.
- You are not going to be studying
English.
|
|
Interrogative
|
Am/are/is + Subject +
Verb-ing + Complement?
|
- Will I be studying English?
- Are you going to be studying English?
|
Referensi
